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+68,37 @@ ## 5. Сочетания гласных -### Частые сочетания +### Сочетания с предсказуемым чтением -| Сочетание | Звук | Примеры | -|---|---|---| -| ee | [i:] | `see`, `green` | -| oo | [u:] | `moon`, `school` | -| oo | [ʊ] | `book`, `good` | -| ai, ay | [eɪ] | `rain`, `day` | -| ea | [i:] | `team`, `read` (наст. время) | -| ea | [e] | `bread`, `head` | -| oa | [əʊ] / [oʊ] | `boat`, `road` | -| ow | [əʊ] / [oʊ] | `snow`, `window` | -| ow | [aʊ] | `cow`, `down` | -| ou | [aʊ] | `house`, `mouse` | -| oi, oy | [ɔɪ] | `coin`, `boy` | -| au, aw | [ɔ:] | `autumn`, `saw` | -| ew | [ju:] / [u:] | `new`, `grew` | -| igh | [aɪ] | `night`, `light` | +Эти сочетания обычно читаются одинаково в большинстве знакомых слов: -Одно сочетание может читаться по-разному. Например, `read` в прошедшем времени читается [red]. +| Сочетание | Звук | Примеры | Аудио | +|---|---|---|---| +| `ee` | [i:] | `see` [si:], `green` [ɡri:n] | | +| `ai` в середине слова | [eɪ] | `rain` [reɪn] | | +| `ay` в конце слова | [eɪ] | `day` [deɪ] | | +| `oa` | [oʊ] | `boat` [boʊt], `road` [roʊd] | | +| `oi` в середине слова | [ɔɪ] | `coin` [kɔɪn] | | +| `oy` в конце слова | [ɔɪ] | `boy` [bɔɪ] | | +| `igh` | [aɪ] | `night` [naɪt], `light` [laɪt] | | +| `au`, `aw` | [ɔ:] | `autumn` [ˈɔ:təm], `saw` [sɔ:] | | + +### Сочетания с несколькими частыми вариантами + +Здесь написание само по себе не всегда позволяет точно определить звук. Такие слова лучше учить вместе с произношением. + +| Сочетание | Вариант 1 | Вариант 2 | Примеры | Аудио | +|---|---|---|---|---| +| `oo` | [u:] | [ʊ] | `moon` [mu:n], `book` [bʊk] | | +| `ea` | [i:] | [e] | `team` [ti:m], `bread` [bred] | | +| `ow` | [oʊ] | [aʊ] | `snow` [snoʊ], `cow` [kaʊ] | | +| `ew` | [ju:] | [u:] | `new` [nu:], `grew` [ɡru:] | | + +Сочетание `ou` часто читается [aʊ]: `house` [haʊs], `mouse` [maʊs], но у него много исключений. Например, `you` читается [ju:], а `could` — [kʊd]. + +Аудио: + +Слово `read` имеет два чтения: настоящее время — [ri:d] , прошедшее время — [red] . ## 6. Основные согласные @@ -109,35 +120,42 @@ ## 9. Сочетания согласных -| Сочетание | Звук | Примеры | -|---|---|---| -| ch | [tʃ] | `chair`, `chicken` | -| sh | [ʃ] | `ship`, `fish` | -| ph | [f] | `phone`, `photo` | -| th | [θ] | `think`, `three` | -| th | [ð] | `this`, `mother` | -| wh | [w] | `what`, `when` | -| ck | [k] | `back`, `black` | -| ng | [ŋ] | `sing`, `long` | -| qu | [kw] | `queen`, `quick` | -| tch | [tʃ] | `match`, `catch` | -| dge | [dʒ] | `bridge`, `badge` | +| Сочетание | Звук | Примеры | Аудио | +|---|---|---|---| +| `ch` | [tʃ] | `chair` [tʃer], `chicken` [ˈtʃɪkən] | | +| `sh` | [ʃ] | `ship` [ʃɪp], `fish` [fɪʃ] | | +| `ph` | [f] | `phone` [foʊn], `photo` [ˈfoʊtoʊ] | | +| `th` | [θ] | `think` [θɪŋk], `three` [θriː] | | +| `th` | [ð] | `this` [ðɪs], `mother` [ˈmʌðər] | | +| `wh` | [w] | `what` [wʌt], `when` [wen] | | +| `ck` | [k] | `back` [bæk], `black` [blæk] | | +| `ng` | [ŋ] | `sing` [sɪŋ], `long` [lɔŋ] | | +| `qu` | [kw] | `queen` [kwiːn], `quick` [kwɪk] | | +| `tch` | [tʃ] | `match` [mætʃ], `catch` [kætʃ] | | ## 10. Буквы `x` и `y` ### `x` -- в начале некоторых слов греческого происхождения читается [z]: `xylophone`; -- внутри и в конце часто читается [ks]: `box`, `six`; -- иногда читается [gz]: `exam`, `exact`; -- в `X-ray` читается [eks], это исключение. +| Положение или случай | Звук | Примеры | Аудио | +|---|---|---|---| +| внутри и в конце слова | [ks] | `box` [bɑks], `six` [sɪks] | | +| в начале слов греческого происхождения | [z] | `xylophone` [ˈzaɪləfoʊn] | | +| в некоторых словах исключениях | [gz] | `exam` [ɪɡˈzæm], `exact` [ɪɡˈzækt] | | +| исключение `X-ray` | [eks] | `X-ray` [ˈɛksreɪ] | | ### `y` -- в начале слова — [j]: `yes`, `yellow`; -- в конце односложного слова — [aɪ]: `my`, `cry`; -- в конце многосложного слова — [i]: `happy`, `city`; -- внутри слова часто — [ɪ]: `system`, `symbol`. +Буква `y` может вести себя как согласная или как гласная: + +| Роль | Положение | Звук | Примеры | Аудио | +|---|---|---|---|---| +| Согласная | в начале слова | [j] | `yes` [jes], `yellow` [ˈjeloʊ] | | +| Гласная | в конце односложного слова | [aɪ] | `my` [maɪ], `cry` [kraɪ] | | +| Гласная | в конце многосложного слова | [i] | `happy` [ˈhæpi], `city` [ˈsɪti] | | +| Гласная | внутри слова, часто | [ɪ] | `myth` [mɪθ], `symbol` [ˈsɪmbəl] | | + +Итак, в `yes` буква `y` — согласная, а в `my`, `happy` и `myth` — гласная. ## 11. Немые буквы